Consent management apparatus and system

ABSTRACT

A computer implemented apparatus and method is provided for authenticating a signature for a consent requiring permission of a person (i.e., a client) to be given for a service by a service provider. In the apparatus, the service provider requests a physical signature from the person. The request is made with a text message or QR code linking to a method for the person to create a signature (for example, a touch screen). The signature and related account and identifying information about the person is entered into a distributed ledger database (DLTD) (e.g., a blockchain database) where it is archived. The service provider can query the DLTD for the signature for consent for the service. Consent can also be provided to third party agencies with a need for consent for information the service provider.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This patent application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/693,755 filed Nov. 25, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/687,653 filed Nov. 18, 2019, now abandoned, which claims priority to U.S. Patent Application 62/880,487 filed Jul. 30, 2019.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention pertains to a computer implemented apparatus for authenticating a signature for a consent requiring permission of a person by an agency for a service by third party.

BACKGROUND

Permission for consent to receive services or to disclose confidential information, for example to employers, medical insurance companies, law enforcement agencies, child welfare agencies is a constant and recurring need and administrative challenge. In many situations, such permissions may be difficult to manage given the spectrum of consents that may be required for medical services (informed consent), for medical data covered by the United States HIPAA rules, and other legally mandated confidential information. In many situations, ideally a consent would be arranged before a client actually visits a provider's office.

The ubiquity of smartphones and computer terminals can be used to address this problem. Thus, a smartphone, computer tablet, or other computing device can be used to request and capture essential information, including consent for a service that requires consent. In addition, permission can be provided to disclose confidential information to a third-party person or agency with a need to know such information.

This invention also relies on distributed ledger technology databases for certain aspects to maintain secure record-keeping and avoid the need that clients and service providers exchange paper documents.

Exemplary distributed ledger technologies include blockchain, Hedera Hashgraph and IOTA Tangle. A blockchain is a decentralized and distributed technology database (also termed a “ledger”) used to record transactions. Copies of the ledger are stored across many computers so that the record cannot be altered retroactively without significant effort. A blockchain has specific rules about the data added to the blockchain database. That is, data added to the blockchain cannot conflict with other data that are already in the database (it must be consistent), can only append the blockchain (it must be immutable), the data are locked to an owner (ownable), and are replicable and available. Subjects (or members) in the blockchain must agree on the database rules (canonical).¹ A blockchain database is managed autonomously using a peer-to-peer network and a distributed timestamping server.

Hedera Hashgraph (HH)² is an alternative distributed ledger technology to blockchain. The technology uses an alternative distributed consensus to blockchain. This distributed consensus allows participants who don't know or trust each other to securely collaborate and transact online without the need for a trusted intermediary. HH has certain features in common with blockchain, but HH claims to have certain advantages of performance, security, governance, and stability as compared to blockchain technologies.

Another distributed ledger is an IOTA Tangle.³ In an IOTA Tangle, transactions are not grouped into blocks and stored in sequential chains, but rather are stored as a stream of individual transactions “entangled” together. In order to participate in this network, a participant simply needs to perform a small amount of computational work that verifies two previous transactions. Rather than creating a hierarchy of roles and responsibilities in the network, every actor has the same incentives and rewards. In order to make a transaction in the Tangle, two previous transactions must be validated with the reward for doing so being the validation of your own transaction by some subsequent transaction. This is said to offer significant efficiencies as compared to blockchain technologies.⁴

Blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies are considered to be highly secure and resistant to tampering because each record (also termed a “block”) contains a cryptographic hash of at least one prior block in the database, linking the two records. Thus, a block cannot be changed without altering all subsequent blocks in the chain. Thus, each record in a distributed ledger database is essentially immutable, and therefore non-repudiable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In an embodiment, a computer implemented method is provided for authenticating a signature for a consent requiring permission of a person (i.e., a client, which may be a parent or guardian of another person) for a service provided by a service provider, for instance, consent to receive treatment by a physician or mental health provider. In an embodiment, consent may also be provided to disclose information to a third party, for example, information protected under HIPAA to medical insurance companies or employers. Another example is confidential information requested by a law enforcement or child welfare agency.

In an embodiment, a computer implemented method and apparatus is provided for authenticating a signature for a consent requiring permission of a person by an agency for a service required by the person from a service provider.

In an embodiment, the method or apparatus includes a computer implemented consent management service application programming interface (CMS API), a computer implemented consent requesting API (CR API), and a computer implemented consent authorizing application (CAA) is provided. In an embodiment, a person requires services from a service provider, and the services require consent from the person to receive the service the services, or for the release of documents or information in the custody of the service provider to a third party, for example, a medical insurance company, employer, law enforcement agency, or a child-welfare agency.

In an embodiment, an instruction is issued to the CR API requesting the signature of the person within the context the services required. The CR API then issues an instruction to the CMS API, and the CMS API generates a signature context ID. The signature context ID is used to generate a QR code. The signature context ID is linked to identifying data on the person and the nature of the consent required.

In an embodiment, the QR code is communicated to the CR API, and the CR API displays the QR code on a computer screen or sends a message containing the signature context ID to a smartphone used by the person. The person (i.e., client), who has a smartphone or access to another computer device, receives instructions in the CAA running on the smart or other computer device, to scan the QR code or respond to the message. In an embodiment, an interface is then provided for the person to create a signature for consent. In an embodiment, the person then scans the QR code in the CAA with the smartphone or other computing device, or alternatively the person responds to the message. This establishes an interface to allow the CAA to capture a signature from the person signifying consent from the person to receive services from the third party. Optionally, the CAA may capture the signature of the document along with a facial photograph of the person signing the document. In an embodiment, the signature and photograph is linked to the signature context ID.

In an embodiment, a computational representation of the signature and associated photograph is transmitted to the CMS API, and the CMS API creates a database record containing the signature context ID and the captured signature, such that the database record constitutes consent from the person to receive the services from the service provider. The database record is stored in a database such that each record in the database is immutable and each record in the database is securely linked to at least one previously created record in the database. In an embodiment, the service provider can query the database to receive the consent for the service. In an embodiment, the service provider is assured that the consent is authentic because the database records are linked (for example with a cryptographic hash function), and because the records are immutable (non-repudiable). That is, once a record is created, it cannot be altered or deleted.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing high level overview of the invention, showing the overall flow of information.

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the architecture of the interaction of the consent management system, a database, and the capture of a signature for consent for services.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the various parts of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an apparatus according to this invention, showing the interaction of a computer network with a database computer node and various devices linked to the network.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In an embodiment, a computer implemented apparatus and method is provided for authenticating a signature for a consent 16 (FIG. 1) requiring permission of a person 12 (i.e., a client) for a service by a service provider 20. Optionally, the consent also applies to a third party (22), such as information protected under HIPAA requested by medical insurance companies or employers. Another example is confidential information requested by a law enforcement or child welfare agency. The apparatus and method includes transmission (14) of the consent, and a means 18 for the service provider 20 to receive and authenticate the consent 16.

As used herein, “client” and “person,” without another modifier in front of “person,” are synonymous. In certain circumstances, however, the person giving permission could be different from the persion to whom the services are provided, for instance a parent or guardian can provide a permission on behalf of a child for the provision of service by a third party.

In an embodiment, the person 12 is not in the custody or control of an institution. Examples of custodial institutions for this invention include a prison, jail, nursing home, assisted living institution, psychiatric institution, residential drug treatment program, or residential school. However, the person within the scope of this invention may be a child or incompetent adult with a parent or other guardian required to grant the permission under this invention. A “child,” as defined herein, means a person under the age of medical consent which is generally age 18 but may vary by U.S. state (or other local jurisdiction) and other factors. An “incompetent adult” is a person older than the age of medical consent, but who cannot manage their own affairs, for example because of a developmental delay, mental illness, dementia, or some other condition where the person cannot manage their own affairs and is unable to grant informed consent. In the case of a child or incompetent adult, the permission in this invention would be granted by a parent or guardian.

A high-level architectural overview of and embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 2. Consent management service 40 is linked to a database 30 that will store records of consents and other relevant information for use in the method. The consent management system enables an automated real time remote physical signature consent of the individuals participating or providing services to each other using authenticated devices. The need for the real time remote signing helps the providers to obtain consent from clients to provide consent, where the consent requires a legally mandated physical signature. The consent may be created on a dynamic document created on the fly. The consent provided is recorded as an immutable (i.e., non-reputable) record in the database 30. As shown in FIG. 2, a data link 44 is provided to a smart phone or other computing device used by the client. At the same time, a data link 42 transmits a QR code 62 to a display device 60 such as a computer screen at the agency. In an embodiment, a camera 52 on a smartphone 50 scans the QR code. Also depicted on display device 60 is an phone number or code 64 that can be used to authenticate the user instead of a QR code. This authenticates the user and the request, opening an interface for the capture of a signature 54 and optionally a photograph 56. The signature and optional photograph is transmitted (46) to the consent management system where it is processed into a database record representing consent for the service that can be queried by a third party service provider, i.e., a service provider who provides services requiring consent. The third party service provider is thus assured of the consent for services. Other variations not involving a QR code are within the scope of this invention. For example, a text message or system message may be sent to an authenticated device owned by the client that can serve the purpose of opening a signature capture interface. An advantage of QR or bar code is that the phone camera can be used to obtain a code without the person having to enter a code on keyboard.

The consent can be provided for a specific service provider, or a range of service providers, and may be a single use, a range of time (for example, one month), or indefinitely until canceled.

In addition, the consent may include permission to disclose information to a third party with a need to receive the information, such as information protected under HIPAA requested by medical insurance companies or employers. Another example is confidential information requested by a law enforcement or child welfare agency. For example, a child welfare agency may be an adoption agency doing a background check on prospective parents seeking to adopt a child. The child welfare agency would want to know normally confidential information, such as medical records, law enforcement records, mental health records, and the like of prospective parents. In an embodiment, an agency such as a child welfare agency or medical insurance company may request consent in this method directly from the person, but in an alternative embodiment, the consent to disclose information to the agency may be used to request information directly from a service provider such as a medical office, law enforcement agency, or other agency holding relevant information. Thus, in an embodiment, the term “service provider” includes any agency that collects information on a person and can include law enforcement agencies, parole agencies, other court or legally mandated agencies. Of course, “service providers” also include persons or agencies that provide a service, such as medical care, legal services, mental health care, or employment agencies.

In an embodiment, the method or apparatus includes a computer implemented consent requesting API (CR API) 110 (FIG. 3), a computer implemented consent management service application programming interface (CMS API) 120, and a computer implemented consent authorizing application (CAA) 130. In an embodiment, the CAA may be a mobile application (app) running on a smartphone or a bar code scanner, or some other device that the client has access to or owns. In an embodiment the device running the CAA may be authenticated, meaning that all parties are assured that the particular device is owned by the client or that the client has authorized access to the device.

In an embodiment, a person requires or desires services from a service provider, where the services require consent from the person or a parent or guardian. In an embodiment, an instruction is issued to the CR API requesting the signature of the person, is parent or guardian, within the context the services required (14, FIG. 3). The context means the nature of the services required, for example, mental health or physical health treatment, participation in certain activities etc. The context may be specific to a specific provider or specific condition. The request may be initiated by the person or by the service provider (i.e., 20 in FIG. 1).

Some exemplary contexts may be services like ten psychotherapy sessions; an order for an imaging study (MRI, CT scan, or x-ray); a physician visit for an illness; or physician visit for treatment of a chronic condition such as hypertension. Another context may be one or more of informed consent for physical or mental health treatment, or Health insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) consent (privacy and disclosure consents). Another context may be child adoption or senior living facilities, such as nursing home or assisted living institutions.

In an embodiment, the context is limited to a specific set of services or treatment from a service providing agency and limited to a specific agency. For example, if the person seeks a service from a specific service provider, and the service is unable to provide that service, or there are delays or some other problem and a decision is made to seek an alternative service provider, a new signature would be required naming the alternative service provider. In an alternative embodiment, the context may be limited to a range of services, such as any cardiologist, or any physician at a particular hospital.

In an embodiment, a client may need services from more than one provider. For example, a particular individual may need medical treatment for a specific illness (for example, knee pain), and may also need psychotherapy. There will be different permissions and consents required for each service.

For any consent in this invention, there may be a time limitation component, i.e., that the consent is only valid for 30 days (for example). However, some services may be permanent, for example blood sugar monitoring in a diabetic. Other services may span a period of time such as six months.

In an embodiment, basic information on the client needs to be accounted for during the consent process, such as name, address, and other identifying information. In an embodiment, the signature context ID is linked to such information. In addition, other relevant information held by the agency may be part of a record linked to a signature context ID, such as legal or medical history, or a criminal record. In an embodiment, some or all of this additional relevant information may be passed to the third party as part of the consent process.

In an embodiment, the CR API (FIG. 3) then issues an instruction to the CMS API, and the CMS API generates a signature context ID (122). The signature context ID may be used to generate a QR code (122). The signature context ID is linked to identifying data on the person and the nature of the consent required.

In an embodiment, the QR code is communicated to the CR API (112), and the CR API displays the QR code (116) on a computer screen or sends a text message (114) containing the signature context ID to a smartphone used by the person. The person (i.e., client), who has a smartphone or access to another computer device, receives instructions in the CAA running on the smartphone or another computer device accessible to the person, to scan the QR code (134) or respond to the text message (132). As illustrated in FIG. 2, the computer screen 60 may display a QR code (62 in FIG. 2) or a telephone number or authentication code (64). Thus, in one embodiment, the person would scan the QR code with a smart phone camera 52, and the QR code would have an appropriate link or code to authenticate the person for the signature capture step. In an alternative embodiment, the person would send a text message, for example, via short message service (SMS) texting or rich content service (RCS) texting, to a telephone number 64 enabled for texting. The CR API and CAA would then work together to authenticate the person and open the signature capture component 136. Alternatively, the text message link can be transmitted to a person's smartphone as a system notification.

In an embodiment, an interface 136 is then provided for the person to capture a signature from the person signifying consent from the person to receive services from a service provider (20 in FIG. 1). In an embodiment, the signature may be captured with a touch screen, that a person can use to create a signature with the fingertip or a stylus adapted for writing on a computer screen. Such technology is well known in the art. In an embodiment, the signature is linked to the signature context ID. Other means of signifying consent may be employed in this invention. In some cases, a simple check box may suffice since the system can authenticate the user, so there is good assurance that the intended user is checking the box. Other means are possible too, such as a code from an authenticator application.

In an embodiment, interface 136 also captures a photograph of the person as the signature signifying consent is created. In an embodiment, interface 136 may employ any of several biometric identification and authentication methods. In an embodiment, facial recognition software to further assist in authentication and identification of the person giving consent. Exemplary facial recognition apps include “FaceFirst” and “SplitReef.” In an embodiment, voice recognition software is employed to further assist in authentication and identification of the person giving consent. In this context, voice recognition software means software that identifies the person speaking, in contrast to software that converts speech to text. Exemplary software included Microsoft “Speaker Recognition,” “Nexa|Voice” and “Knomi” from aware.com, and “VoiceKey” from Speechpro.com. In an embodiment, the biometric identification and authentication method may comprise fingerprint recognition. Typically, fingerprint recognition devices employ a special sensor, for example, a capacitive or ultrasonic sensor, and associated software to confirm the identification.

In an embodiment, a computational representation of the signature from interface 136, including a photograph and any biometric data if captured, is transmitted (138) to the CMS API, and the CMS API creates a database record (124) containing the signature context ID and the captured signature, such that the database record constitutes consent from the person to receive the services of the third party service provider. The database record is stored in a database 30 such that each record in the database is immutable and each record in the database is securely linked to at least one previously created record in the database.

In an embodiment, the service provider is notified of the consent (118) and can query the database 30 to receive the consent 80 for the service provided to be by the service provider. In an embodiment, the service provider is assured that the consent is authentic because the database records are linked (for example with a cryptographic hash function), and because the records are immutable (non-repudiable). That is, once a record is created, it cannot be altered or deleted.

In an embodiment, the permission from the client is not repudiable since each record is immutable, but permission can be revoked. That is, the client can revoke the consent and agreement to consent to services, but the client cannot repudiate that permission was granted at some time in the past. In an embodiment, this feature is enforced with immutable database records, which is an inherent feature of a distributed ledger technology database (DLTD). DLTD records (also termed “blocks”) are immutable. Accordingly, in an embodiment, a revocation would involve the creation of a new database record.

In an embodiment, the agency or the client issues an instruction to the CR API requesting the signature of the person within the context the services required.

In alternative embodiments, the client may initiate the request themselves, rather than relying on the agency to initiate the request.

In an embodiment, the text message may be an SMS text or a text message sent on some other computer application, for example, WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, Viber, Snapchat, and others. The message may be transmitted as a system message, that appears as a pop-up from the smartphone operating system. In an embodiment, a custom app may be provided for users of this system that includes enhanced security, confidentiality, and functional features not available on commonly used messaging apps. In particular, a custom app may be specifically linked to the CAA of this invention.

In an embodiment, the message sent to a smartphone that includes the unique identifier or a second identifier is linked to the signature context ID. In an embodiment, the message is a text message or a system notification message on the smartphone. A QR code serves the same function of linking a unique identifier to a signature context ID.

In an embodiment, the actual consent is provided by a signature from the client. In an embodiment, this may be accomplished by the person scanning the QR code with the smartphone or by opening the text message and clicking or otherwise activating a link, and wherein the QR code and identifier codes in the text message are linked to a computer interface controlled by the CAA. In an embodiment, the computer interface captures a signature from the person signifying consent from the person to receive services from the third party service provider, such that the signature is linked to the unique identifier. In an embodiment, the signature capture may include a photograph of the person.

In an embodiment, the computer interface controlled by the CAA is an application running on the smartphone of the person, or is a computer tablet, laptop, or desktop computer owned and operated by someone else. Exemplary smartphones include PHONE® phones or ANDROID™ phones. Various tablets based on varying computer operation systems may be use in computer tablets, laptops, or desktops. For example, for a person who does not own a smartphone, a tablet, laptop, or desktop in an office may be the best approach to using this invention.

In an embodiment, a computational representation of the signature comprises a graphical representation of a hand-drawn signature, and optionally a photograph of the person as the signature is captured, or optionally a another biometric identifier selected from a fingerprint, facial recognition, or corneal scan, or another data entry providing assurance that the person consents to the services provided by the third party. In an embodiment, the computational representation of the signature is subjected to a cryptographic hash function and assigned a unique hash value that is stored in the database.

There are several ways signatures for the consent of this invention can be collected from a client. In an embodiment, the signature may be an electronic signature (e-signature or digital signature), which has many potential forms. An e-signature should provide the same legal standing as a handwritten signature provided it adheres to the requirements of the specific regulation it was created under. For example, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which creates standards for healthcare-related services, defines an electronic signature as “a computer data compilation of any symbol or series of symbols executed, adopted, or authorized by an individual to be the legally binding equivalent of the individual's handwritten signature.” (21 CFR 11.3). The FDA also defines a digital signature as “an electronic signature based upon cryptographic methods of originator authentication, computed by using a set of rules and a set of parameters such that the identity of the signer and the integrity of the data can be verified.” Other forms of consent may be employed in this invention, for example a biometric identifier, such as a fingerprint captured with a fingerprint reader, a retinal or iris eye scan, or facial recognition captured with facial recognition software. In another embodiment, a person may sign with a special pen on a computer screen.

Regardless of the method of capture, the signature must be reduced to a data format that can be readily stored in the distributed ledger database. This may be a graphic data file, for example a jpg or tiff file, or an alphanumeric data representation. The electronic signature, regardless of the format, may be subjected to a cryptographic hash function to receive a unique hash value (also termed a “digest”) for use in authenticating the signature. The hash value may be incorporated into the database record representing consent.

In an embodiment, the service provider 20 can query the DLTD to receive consent for the service provided by the third party, and wherein the third party is assured that the consent is authentic. The consent has assured authenticity from the nature of this entire apparatus and procedure that provides a fully traceable provenance of the consent. In an embodiment, a third party 22 seeking the confidential information on the person can also query the DLTD directly, or it may rely on an authenticated signature from service provider 20.

Thus, the inventive apparatus and method avoids the need for clients to fill out forms on paper and potentially carry papers from one place to another. The entire consent and context process is handled electronically, from ordering the services, to granting of consent, and finally conveyance of the consent to a service provider that require consent for a particular service for the client.

In an embodiment, the method includes providing consent for personal information to be transmitted from the service provider to a third party. In an embodiment, such personal information includes medical history, relevant legal history, or other documentation relevant to the consent. Legal history can include, for example, a criminal record. In an embodiment, the service provider likely has personal information on the person (client), relevant to the consent for a service sought by the person from the service provider.

Certain third parties may have a need to know the personal information, such as insurers including medical insurers. Other third parties with a need to know include other insurance providers, other lawyers, doctors, educational institutions, military recruiters, and prospective employers. Thus, the consent provided in this invention can be used to release personal information to such third party agencies.

Thus, by permitting the consent to also include transmission of information from the agency to the third party can insure more accurate transmission of data that can streamline the entire process.

The inventive method requires a database system. In an embodiment, the database is a distributed ledger technology database (DLTD) such as a blockchain database, Hedera Hashgraph, or IOTA. In an alternative embodiment, the database is a non-relational database, which is often termed a “NoSQL”. Examples include MarkLogic, MongoDB, Datastax, Apache Cassandra, Redis, Riak, Google BigTable and CouchDB.

DLTD implementations have three key features: (1) decentralization; (2) cryptographically linked records (blocks); and (3) immutability. In a decentralized system, data is stored across a plurality of devices that are kept synchronized continually. Each record (also called a “block”) is linked to at least one previously created block in the database (i.e., the “chain”) with a cryptographic hash function. In turn, at least one block created later in time will link to any block with a cryptographic hash. This feature is critical for the immutability aspect of DLTD's. Because all the blocks are linked with hash functions, it is impossible to alter or remove a record once it is created. That would destroy the integrity of the database. Thus, DLTD's are inherently highly secure. A database record, once created, cannot be deleted or altered, and the database is stored across a network so an attack or equipment failure at any particular device should not affect other nodes on the network. These are all important features in the instant invention.

An alternative database embodiment can employ another underlying technology that provides the security and immutable features of a DLTD with alternative mechanisms. In an embodiment, the alternative database can be a “NoSQL”—type of database. In an embodiment, a NoSQL database must have ACID properties (atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability). Many ACID features may be inherent in a DLTD but may need to be explicitly implemented in a NoSQL database. Popular NoSQL implementations that may be useful in this invention include Apache Cassandra and MongoDB.

FIG. 4 schematically illustrates an exemplary computing environment in which a DLTD platform can be implemented. FIG. 4 provides a plurality of database node computers 200 and 210, each of which is a peer participant in the DLTD. Each computer includes typical computer hardware, such as a processor 220, random access memory 230, data storage 290, and application storage 250. The computer 200 is connected to a network 300. Network 200 in turn supports a plurality of additional devices. For example, additional database node computers 210 may be connected. User devices 320 may be connected, (i.e., devices used by clients in this invention) such as smart phones or personal computers. Computer terminals may be connected, such as computers at an agency 330 or a third party 332. The computer terminals 330 and 332 may be tabletop computers, laptops, mobile computers, or handheld devices including smartphones. Equipment 340 that captures data may be connected, for example gas chromatographs, liquid chromatographs, mass spectrometers, scales, photographic equipment, blood alcohol measuring equipment, blood pressure measuring devices, blood sugar measuring devices, or other technical or medical measuring equipment that generates data that may be required for the consent signatures in this invention or for related information. Barcode scanners 350 may be connected, to scan QR codes. Other input devices are possible also. The network may be connected to a wide-area network 310, such as the public internet. This allows far-flung equipment to communicate with each other.

In an embodiment, a distributed ledger technology database may be a blockchain, a Hashgraph, or an IOTA database. As used herein, a distributed ledger technology refers to a distributed storage platform and network in which individual “blocks” of data are connected in a chain or network. Hashgraph and IOTA have non-linear architectures and are arrangements in which non-linear networks of blocks are woven together. Each block in the non-linear architecture embodiments is connected to at least two other blocks. The network is not constructed in a linear fashion, as in blockchain. Both Hashgraph and IOTA claim to have performance enhancements compared to the linear blockchain architecture. As with blockchain, the connections in Hashgraph and IOTA rely on encryption and hash functions in the links between blocks.

Each block in a blockchain DLTD may be linked to the previous block in the blockchain by, for example, including a hash of the previous block as a “proof of work.” Various hash functions, including functions in the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA)-1 or -2 families, such as SHA-256, can be used to perform a one-way hash. For a one-way hash, it is generally considered to be impossible or impractical to generate the input (the “message”) to the hash function based on the output (the “message digest” or “digest”) of the hash function. Thus, it is extremely difficult (if not impossible) to alter records or the chain by disturbing the links between blocks. The database integrity requires that each block includes a hash digest from at least one other block. In turn, the hash digest of the contents of each block are referred to by at least one other block created later in time. Moreover, if the database is truly distributed across multiple instances and kept synchronized, then it becomes impossible to corrupt any particular instance (for example, by creating a bad block without a proper hash digest or altering a block) without the problem being detected across the network. If this happens, the synchronization is prevented by system rules, thus preserving the integrity of the DLTD.

In a blockchain or other DLTD, each database block can store a variety of data that may or may not be related. That is, the contents of any pair of adjacent records may or may not be associated with a same user or may or may not have the same type of data. For example, one block may have analytical data such as a mass spectrum, and an adjacent block may have a signature and a consent form. However, each block in the DLTD is linked to adjacent blocks with cryptographic metadata that links to other blocks, and that other blocks can link to. That is, the linking data is two-way. A feature of any DLTD is that the entire database is replicated on multiple devices such as computing devices 200 or on additional nodes 210 in FIG. 4. In an embodiment, the nodes are peers, on a peer-to-peer network. By the term “node,” it is meant a computer such as device 200 that stores the entire distributed ledger. In a DLTD according to this invention, the database is updated continuously in real time across multiple nodes. As new records are added, they are linked to preexisting records via their metadata and hash functions. Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers. Peers are equally privileged, equipotent participants in the application. Thus, with a P2P DLTD, there is no “master copy”—each node has a complete copy of the DLTD that is updated continuously in real time as new data (i.e., blocks)

The metadata in each database record includes data linking that record to other records, for example a hash value, and that other records link to in turn. In various embodiments, the metadata may also include data such as a timestamp that the record was created, the name of the user or the device that created the data, the type of data (for example, analytical data, audit results, audit completion, patient records, clinical results, or batch records). Much of this data may need to be standardized or normalized. For example, each user may have a username so that the usage is consistent. Similarly, each piece of equipment may also need to have a standard ID or computer name, so a person reviewing the records can immediately recognize the source of the data.

The metadata and security features outlined herein, that are largely inherent in any DLTD implementation, create relationships of trust between participants in the DLTD (trusted relationships). The records are safe and reliable, and any authorized participant (human, or automated devices) can create a record, and any authorized person can read or edit a record. This gives participants peace of mind that the data has integrity.

DRAWINGS LEGEND

12 Persons (clients, including a person's parent or guardian) 14 Request for services 16 Consent for services 18 Delivery of consent to service provider 20 Service provider 22 Third Party Agency 30 Database 40 Consent Management Service (CMS) 42 Data link to CMS for display of QR code 44 Data link from CMS to smartphone for beginning transaction 46 Data link from smartphone to CMS with confirmation of code and signature 50 Smartphone 52 Camera on smartphone 54 Signature captured on smartphone 56 Photograph of person signing captured on smartphone 60 Computer terminal showing QR code 62 QR code 64 Text phone no. alternative to QR code 80 Consent delivery to service provider 110 Consent requesting application (CR API) 112 Request context ID for consent 114 Send message to smartphone 116 Display of QR code on computer terminal 118 Receive consent confirmation 120 Consent management service API (CMS API) 122 Creation of signature context ID and QR code 124 Create database record 130 Consent authorizing app (CAA) on mobile device 132 Receive context instruction by message 134 Scan QR code on smartphone 136 Capture signature 138 Transmit signature to CMS API 200 Database node computer 210 Additional database nodes 220 Processor 230 Random Access memory 290 Data storage 250 Application storage 300 Network 310 Wide area network 320 User devices, such as smartphones 330 Computer terminal at agency 332 Computer terminal at third party (service provider) 340 Other equipment 350 Barcode/QR code scanners

-   ¹For a good overview of the structure of blockchain databases, and     the advantages and disadvantages of blockchain, see Jimmy Song, “Why     Blockchain is Hard,” published online May 14, 2018 at     https://medium.com/©jimmysong/why-blockchain-is-hard-60416ea4c5c     (visited Jun. 10, 2018) -   ²https://www.hederahashgraph.com/ -   ³https://www.iota.org/ -   ⁴https://www.iota.org/get-started/what-is-iota 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A computer implemented method for authenticating a signature for a consent requiring permission of a person for a service required by the person from a service provider, comprising: a. providing a computer implemented consent management service application programming interface (CMS API), a computer implemented consent requesting API (CR API), and a computer implemented consent authorizing application (CAA); b. wherein a person requires services from a service provider, and wherein the services require consent from the person; c. wherein an instruction is issued to the CR API requesting the signature of the person within the context the services required; d. wherein the CR API issues an instruction to the CMS API, and wherein the CMS API generates a signature context ID, and wherein the signature context ID is used to generate a QR code, wherein the signature context ID is linked to identifying data on the person and the nature of the consent required; e. wherein the QR code is communicated to the CR API, and the CR API displays the QR code on a computer screen or sends a text message containing the signature context ID to a smartphone or other device used by the person; f. wherein the person receives instructions in the CAA which is installed and running on a smartphone or other computing device to scan the QR code or respond to the message, and an interface is then provided for the person to create a signature for consent; g. wherein the person scans the QR code in the CAA with the smartphone or other computing device, or wherein the person responds to the text message, and wherein the CAA opens a signature interface that captures a signature from the person signifying consent from the person to receive services from the service provider, such that the signature is linked to the signature context ID; h. wherein a computational representation of the signature is transmitted to the CMS API, and the CMS API creates a database record containing the signature context ID and the captured signature, such that the database record constitutes consent from the person to receive the services of the service provider, and the database record is stored in a database such that each record in the database is immutable and each record in the database is securely linked to at least one previously created record in the database; and i. wherein the service provider queries the database to receive the consent for the service provided by it, and wherein the service provider is assured that the consent is authentic.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the person is a child or incompetent adult, and the permission is granted by parent or guardian.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the nature of the consent further includes consent for providing information pertaining to the person held by the service provider to a third party.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein a photograph of the person is taken at the same time the signature representing consent is captured.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein a biometric authentication method is used at the same time the signature representing consent is captured, wherein the biometric authentication method is selected from facial recognition, voice recognition, and a fingerprint, or a combination thereof.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the nature of the consent required for the service provided by the service provider is selected from a mental health service or a physical healthcare service.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the consent required includes one or more of informed consent for physical or mental health treatment, and HIPAA consent.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the database enforces immutable records.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the database is a distributed ledger technology database (DLTD).
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the DLTD is a blockchain.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the secure link of each record in the database to at least one other previously created record relies on a cryptographic hash function.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the computational representation of the signature is subjected to a cryptographic hash function and assigned a unique hash value.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the CAA is an application running on the smartphone of the person, or is a computer tablet, laptop, or desktop computer owned and operated by someone else for the purpose of capturing a signature for consent.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the computational representation of the signature comprises a graphical representation of a hand-drawn signature, a biometric identifier selected from a fingerprint, facial recognition, or corneal scan, or another data entry providing assurance that the person consents to the services provided by the third party service provider.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the text message sent to a smartphone that includes the unique identifier or a second identifier that is linked to the signature context ID is a text message or a system notification message on the smartphone.
 16. An apparatus for capturing and recording a signature required for consent for a person under supervision by an agency for a service required by the person from a third party service provider, comprising a. a computer implemented consent management service application programming interface (CMS API), a computer implemented consent requesting API (CR API), and a computer implemented consent authorizing application (CAA) is provided; b. wherein a person requires services from a service provider, and wherein the services require consent from the person; c. wherein an instruction is issued to the CR API requesting the signature of the person within the context the services required; d. wherein the CR API issues an instruction to the CMS API, and wherein the CMS API generates a signature context ID, and wherein the signature context ID is used to generate a QR code, wherein the signature context ID is linked to identifying data on the person and the nature of the consent required; e. wherein the QR code is communicated to the CR API, and the CR API displays the QR code on a computer screen or sends a message containing the signature context ID to a smartphone used by the person; f. wherein the person receives instructions in the CAA which is installed and running on a smartphone or other computing device to scan the QR code or respond to the message, and an interface is then provided for the person to create a signature for consent; g. wherein the person scans the QR code in the CAA with the smartphone or other computing device, or wherein the person responds to the message, and wherein the CAA captures a signature from the person signifying consent from the person to receive services from the third party service provider, such that the signature is linked to the signature context ID; h. wherein a computational representation of the signature is transmitted to the CMS API, and the CMS API creates a database record containing the signature context ID and the captured signature, such that the database record constitutes consent from the person to receive the services of the third party service provider, and the database record is stored in a database such that each record in the database is immutable and each record in the database is securely linked to at least one previously created record in the database; and i. wherein the service provider queries the database to receive the consent for the service, and wherein the service provider is assured that the consent is authentic. 